Cohort Effects on Tobacco Consumption and its Genetic and Environmental Variance Among Finnish Adults born between 1880-1957.

INTRODUCTION: Population research indicates that smoking behaviors in Finland have varied over time by sex and birth cohort. Smoking behaviors are influenced by genes and the environment; like the behaviors themselves, these underlying influences are not necessarily stable over time and may be modifiable by national drug policy. METHODS: We utilized longitudinal mixed effects models and causal-common-contingent twin models to evaluate sex and cohort effects on tobacco consumption and the underlying genetic and environmental variance components in a birth cohort sample of same-sex twins born in Finland between 1880-1957, assessed in 1975, 1981, 1990, and 2011. RESULTS: We identified significant main effects of age, sex, and cohort on quantity of cigarette consumption, as well as significant age×cohort and sex×cohort interactions. We also identified sex and cohort effects on the liability to initiate regular smoking and the magnitude of variation underlying quantity of cigarette consumption. That said, heritability and environmental contributions to both traits were not different between the four sex×cohort groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate sex and cohort effects on the prevalence of smoking and its underlying variation. Our results on changing prevalence mirror existing population-level research in Finnish samples, but we did not identify differences in heritability found in other studies of cohort effects in tobacco use, potentially due to power issues. These results highlight the importance of considering age, cohort, and timing of policy changes when evaluating changes in substance consumption across time. IMPLICATIONS: This study identifies sex and cohort effects influencing tobacco consumption in a sample of Finnish adult twins born between 1880-1957. Our results are in line with other population level research in Finland and research on cohort effects influencing alcohol use in the same sample. Our results highlight the intertwining effects of age, cohort, sex, and substance policies on substance use.

A dyadic analysis of anti-fat attitudes and partners' diet-related influence among gay married men.

OBJECTIVES: The focus on physical appearance among gay men has potential implications for anti-fat attitudes, including those directed toward romantic partners. Partners often influence each other's behaviors including those linked to weight, but most research has examined the consequences of these influence strategies versus their antecedents. To address this research gap, we examined how men's own and their partners' anti-fat attitudes were related to both health-promoting (control) and health-compromising (undermining) types of diet-related influence and whether these associations differed by weight status. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analyzing data from a cross-sectional online survey of 450 U.S. adult gay married men (225 couples), Actor-Partner Interdependence Models revealed that individuals' own anti-fat attitudes (all types) were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal control and undermining. Additionally, partner's fears about gaining weight were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal control and dislike of higher weight people and fear of gaining weight (among those of higher weight status) were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal undermining. CONCLUSION: Our findings add to the literature on diet-related interactions among gay married men, highlight the value of examining these processes dyadically, and suggest the importance of including both members of couples in health promotion and intervention efforts.

The Effect of Peer Influence and Neighborhood Quality on Incarcerated Fathers' Attachment.

Commonly referred to as the "hidden victims" of incarceration, children with a parent who is intermittently or repeatedly incarcerated face various challenges that exacerbate behavioral and psychological development. Using a baseline adaptation of the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting and Partnering (MFS-IP), we sought to clarify how peer influence and neighborhood quality can predict the extent of an incarcerated father's attachment to the focal child and partner. Results showed a negative association between negative peer influence and poor neighborhood quality. Conversely, incarcerated fathers' relationship with their biological mother and fathers produced a significant positive association. These findings propose that risk and protective factors can directly influence attachment levels with the focal child, as suggested by Social Control Theory. This article provides a basis for a more comprehensive understanding of clinical support that can be offered to children and families who bear the systemic societal mechanisms of incarceration.

A neuroanatomical and cognitive model of impaired social behaviour in frontotemporal dementia.

Impaired social cognition is a core deficit in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is most commonly associated with the behavioural-variant of FTD, with atrophy of the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social cognitive changes are also common in semantic dementia, with atrophy centred on the anterior temporal lobes. The impairment of social behaviour in FTD has typically been attributed to damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and/or temporal poles and/or the uncinate fasciculus that connects them. However, the relative contributions of each region are unresolved. In this Review, we present a unified neurocognitive model of controlled social behaviour that not only explains the observed impairment of social behaviours in FTD, but also assimilates both consistent and potentially contradictory findings from other patient groups, comparative neurology and normative cognitive neuroscience. We propose that impaired social behaviour results from damage to two cognitively- and anatomically-distinct components. The first component is social-semantic knowledge, a part of the general semantic-conceptual system supported by the anterior temporal lobes bilaterally. The second component is social control, supported by the orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex and ventrolateral frontal cortex, which interacts with social-semantic knowledge to guide and shape social behaviour.

The Multilevel Factor Structure of Social Cohesion, Mutual Efficacy, and Informal Social Control: A Case for Practice-Informed Research.

Collective efficacy is the process by which social cohesion is activated as informal social control. Mutual efficacy, the perceived capability of the community, mediates the relationship between the two constructs. Interventions based on collective efficacy have a positive impact on individuals but are limited in their ability to affect the broader community. A possible explanation for this finding is that community-level theories operate differently at the individual and neighborhood levels. The present study contributes to the literature by testing the multilevel factor structure of social cohesion, mutual efficacy, and informal social control. Findings suggest that multiple-factor structures demonstrate adequate model fit. However, the three-factor model is most consistent with social work theory and practice. Social workers can foster constructive dialogue to build social cohesion, authentically engage residents to build mutual efficacy, and train residents in skills necessary to institute informal social control.

Pressurizing or encouraging: Health behaviors among long-distance couples.

Couples in long-distance relationships face unique challenges that affect their health outcomes and relationship dynamics in ways that are different from couples in close proximal relationships (PR). The results of previous literature analyzing health outcomes for long-distance relationship (LDR) couples have been mixed, and factors such as couple satisfaction and gender of the individuals contribute to the variance. This study examined the good health practices of couples in LDRs, the ways in which partners influence each other's health, and the health outcomes of these couples as compared to couples in PRs. Multilevel multivariate analysis showed that couples in LDRs had better health practices than those in PRs, and men overall had poorer health practices than women. There was no main effect seen for LDRs when we examined strategies used for influencing health. There was a main effect for gender, though, and we found that women tend to use more collaborative and pressurizing strategies for influencing their partner's health. On health indices, we found that LDR couples tended to have lower levels of fatigue and sleep disturbance as compared to PR couples. In the adjusted model with covariates, which included age, income, couple satisfaction, and married or unmarried couples, we found that lower couple satisfaction and lower income significantly predicted poorer health on all health indices. These results are discussed in light of unequal gender roles, social control, and positive aspects of LDRs on health in an attempt to understand LDRs better and destigmatize the narrative of these relationships as 'less than' PRs. Implications for health and mental health practitioners are also discussed.

Nutrient inputs and social metabolic control of T cell fate.

Cells in multicellular organisms experience diverse neighbors, signals, and evolving physical environments that drive functional and metabolic demands. To maintain proper development and homeostasis while avoiding inappropriate cell proliferation or death, individual cells interact with their neighbors via "social" cues to share and partition available nutrients. Metabolic signals also contribute to cell fate by providing biochemical links between cell-extrinsic signals and available resources. In addition to metabolic checkpoints that sense nutrients and directly supply molecular intermediates for biosynthetic pathways, many metabolites directly signal or provide the basis for post-translational modifications of target proteins and chromatin. In this review, we survey the landscape of T cell nutrient sensing and metabolic signaling that supports proper immunity while avoiding immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. The integration of cell-extrinsic microenvironmental cues with cell-intrinsic metabolic signaling provides a social metabolic control model to integrate cell signaling, metabolism, and fate.

Desistance from physical abuse in a national study of Nepal: Protective informal social control and self-compassion.

BACKGROUND: Research on the conditions under which perpetrators desist from child maltreatment has seen greater attention as part of the efforts to break the cycle of maltreatment. New theoretical insights suggest that informal actions (herein protective informal social control of child maltreatment) by network members which communicate warmth, empathy with victim distress, and promote the modeling of positive parenting practices are more likely to increase maltreatment desistance. Likewise, parents' desistance from maltreatment is theorized to impact on adolescents' (victim) cognition and self-compassion. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship among protective informal social control of child maltreatment (protective ISC_CM) by social networks, physical abuse desistance, and adolescent self-compassion. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A nationally representative sample of 1100 mothers and their adolescent children (aged 11-15) in Nepal was obtained. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to mothers and their adolescent children independently. Hypotheses were tested using regression models with standard errors corrected for clustering within wards. RESULTS: More than 1 in 7 mothers reported perpetrating physical abuse in the past year, and 1 in every 5 adolescents reported being victims of physical abuse. Odds of abuse desistance increase by roughly 10 % for each act of protective ISC_CM reported by the mother. Also, odds of abuse desistance associated with higher adolescent self-compassion, and acts of protective ISC_CM associated with higher levels of adolescent self-compassion. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that interventions to boost desistance from maltreatment and break the cycle of abuse in Nepal, should focus on promoting protective informal social control actions.

Examining Gender Differences in the Relationship Between School Bonding and Opioid Misuse Among Justice-Involved Adolescents.

Justice-involved adolescents (JIAs) have an increased risk for opioid use disorder and overdose related to opioid misuse (OM). Consequences of untreated OM include recidivism and poor educational outcomes, which can be harsher for female JIA. Therefore, identifying relevant factors and settings that reduce the risk for OM is critical. Schools are a central institution in adolescent development. Drawing on social control theory, JIA with higher levels of school bonding was hypothesized to attenuate risk for OM. Cross-sectional data on 79,960 JIA from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice were examined. Multivariate and stratified logistic regression analyses were employed. On average, for every one-unit increase in school bonding, JIA had 22%, female JIA had 23%, and male JIA had 22% lower odds of OM. Results suggest school bonding and the school context should be considered in treatment and how this setting may impact OM intervention outcomes among JIA.

Conflict and social control among cannabis growers.

AIMS: Illegal drug markets are often assumed to be violent and predatory due to the absence of third-party enforcement. While cannabis markets are generally considered to be relatively more peaceful, there has been little investigation of the levels of conflict and victimization among small-scale cannabis growers, particularly under different cannabis policy and enforcement settings. This paper explores prevalence and predictors of conflict and social control among small-scale cannabis growers. METHODS: The data were obtained from an online convenience survey of small-scale cannabis growers from 13 countries (Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Portugal, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay) from August 2020 to September 2021 (N = 5667). Key measures collected included the types of victimization due to cannabis growing, the perpetrators of these predatory actions, reasons for the conflict, and the grower's response to being victimized. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of different types of victimization and social control responses among cannabis cultivators. RESULTS: Most growers (76 %) never directly experienced violence or other victimization related to their cannabis cultivation. However, about one-quarter of growers had been victimized at some point, mostly involving theft, with physical violence rare. Growing outdoors, growing with others, growing more plants, and being a more seasoned grower increased the risk of victimization. Growers who were motivated by profit were more susceptible to theft. Surprisingly, growers in legal recreational jurisdictions experienced greater levels of theft and violent victimization than growers in illegal jurisdictions. Nonviolent social control responses predominated among the growers, mostly characterized by toleration but also avoidance and negotiation. CONCLUSION: While most growers reported no victimization, a substantial minority did so, largely theft rather than violence, and typically did not report employing retaliatory violence. Social control responses were mostly nonviolent. These findings varied under different cannabis policy and enforcement environments. Cannabis legalization does not eliminate opportunities for theft and violence related to cannabis cultivation.

Contribuições da educação permanente para os conselhos de saúde: um estudo de revisão integrativa / Contributions of continuingeducation tothehealth councils: an integrative review study / Contribuciones de la educación continua a los consejos de salud: un estudio de revisión integradora

Introdução:Aeducação permanente propicia uma reflexão contínua frente à realidade posta e nos instiga a buscar soluções criativas para a superação dos problemas de saúde e, por conseguinte, qualificar as ações dos conselheiros de saúde, no intuito de aumentar a resolubilidade, a qualificação técnica e a eficiência do sistema de saúde.Objetivo:Analisar as contribuições da educação permanente para os Conselhos de Saúde.Metodologia:Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura científicaguiada pelo checklistIndicativos de Qualidade para Artigos de Revisão Integrativa, realizada em julho de 2021 e atualizada em junho de 2023.Resultados:Os 15 artigos incluídos na amostra final versam, em sua maioria, sobre os Conselhos Municipais de Saúde (73%), são decorrentes de estudos realizados no Sudeste do Brasil (60%) e foram publicados nos últimos vinte anos, com maior frequência em 2011 (20%). As congruências identificadas nos artigos foram organizadas em três categorias: 1) O papel do conselheiro de saúde; 2) Desafios encontrados no exercício do controle social; 3) A qualificação para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos decisórios dos Conselhos de Saúde. Os achados do estudo mostram que a falta de conhecimentos específicos e a ausência de ações de educação permanente para os conselheiros de saúde dificultam os processos decisórios e deliberativos dos Conselhos de Saúde.Conclusões:As consequências da falta de conhecimento sobre os temas pertinentes ao exercício do controle social têm grande influência na condução de políticas públicas e do sistema de saúde no Brasil (AU).

Introduction:Continuing education provides continuous reflection in the face of the imposed reality and encourages us to seek creative solutions to overcome health problems and, consequently, qualify the actions of health counselors, in order to increase solvability, technical qualification and efficiency of the health system. Objective:To analyze the contributions of continuing education to the Health Councils.Methodology:This is an integrative review of the scientific literature guided by the Quality Indicators forIntegrative Review Articles checklist, carried out in July 2021 and updated in June 2023. Results:Most of the 15 articles included in the final sample are about Municipal Health Councils (73%), are the result of studies carried out in the southeast of Brazil (60%) and were published in the last 20 years, most frequently in 2011 (20%). The congruences identified in the articles were organized into three categories: 1) The role of the health counselor; 2) Challenges found in the exercise of social control; 3) The qualification for the improvement of the decision-making processes of the Health Councils. The study findings show that the lack of specific knowledge and the absence of continuing education actions for health counselors hinder the decision-making and deliberative processes of the Health Councils. Conclusions:The consequences of the lack of knowledge about issues related to the exercise of social control have a great influence on the conduct of public policies and the health system in Brazil (AU).

Introducción: La educacióncontinua proporciona una reflexión continua frente a la realidad planteada y nos impulsa a buscar soluciones creativaspara superar los problemas de salud y, por lo tanto, calificar las acciones de los consejeros de salud, con el fin de aumentar la resolutividad, la calificación técnica y la eficiencia del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Analizar las contribuciones de la educación continua a los Consejos de Salud.Metodología: Esta es una revisión integradora de la literatura científica guiada por la lista de verificación Indicadores de Calidad para Artículos de Revisión Integradora, realizada en julio de 2021 y actualizada enjunio de 2023. Resultados: Los 15 artículos incluidos en la muestra final son en su mayoría sobre Consejos Municipales de Salud (73%), son resultado de estudios realizados en el Sudeste de Brasil (60%) y fueron publicados en los últimos 20 años, con mayorfrecuencia en 2011 (20%). Las congruencias identificadas en los artículos fueron organizadas en tres categorías: 1) El papel del consejero de salud; 2) Desafíos encontrados en el ejercicio del control social; 3) La capacitación para la mejora de los procesos de toma de decisiones de los Consejos de Salud. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran que la falta de conocimientos específicos y la ausencia de acciones de educación continua para los consejeros de salud dificultan la toma de decisiones y los procesos deliberativos de los Consejos de Salud.Conclusiones: Las consecuencias de la falta de conocimiento sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el ejercicio del control social tienen una gran influencia en la conducción de las políticas públicas y el sistema de salud en Brasil (AU).

Changing contexts: A quasi-experiment examining adolescent delinquency and the transition to high school.

In a quasi-experiment, we examine whether changing schools during the transition from 8th to 9th grade influences adolescent delinquency, using a sample of more than 14,000 students in 26 public school districts (PROSPER study). The dataset follows students for eight waves from 6th through 12th grade and facilitates a unique, direct comparison of students who change schools with those who remain in the same school during this period. Results show that students who transition between schools report significantly less delinquency after the shift than those who do not, and that this difference persists through 10th grade. This decline is most pronounced when adolescents from multiple middle schools move to a single high school (i.e., multifeeder transitions). Students who transition between schools have fewer delinquent friends and participate in less unstructured socializing following the change in school environment, which partially mediates their reduced delinquency. Results provide some support for theories of differential association and routine activities. Our findings highlight the role of a crucial, yet understudied, life transition in shaping adolescent delinquency. The results from this quasi-experiment underscore the potential of alterations in social context to significantly dampen juvenile delinquency throughout high school.

O Conselho Nacional de Saúde na pandemia de Covid-19: análise dos atos normativos e não normativos entre 2020 e 2022 / The National Health Council in the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the normative and non-normative acts between 2020 and 2022

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa normativa sobre o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19, no Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS), entre os meses de fevereiro de 2020 e maio de 2022. Tratou-se de estudo documental, descritivo-analítico com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram identificados 77 atos expedidos pelo colegiado do CNS, sendo 63 recomendações, 6 pareceres, 5 moções, 2 notas técnicas e 1 resolução, constatando-se que a maior parte dos documentos (59%) foi elaborada no primeiro ano da pandemia. A despeito da atuação do CNS no enfrentamento da Covid-19, destaca-se o uso de atos não vinculantes, concentrando-se a produção normativa do CNS em recomendações que têm caráter meramente orientadores.

ABSTRACT The present article presents the outcomes of the normative research on the combat against the COVID-19 pandemic at the National Health Council (Conselho Nacional de Saúde - CNS) from February 2020 to March 2022. This is a documental, descriptive-analytical study, with qualitative approach, using the technical analysis of content. Seventy-seven acts were issued by the CNS Collegiate, there included 63 recommendations, 6 opinions, 5 motions, 2 technical notes and 1 resolution. Most part of the documents (59%) were worked out during the first year of the pandemic. Despite the Council's performance when combating the COVID-19, non-binding acts may be highlighted, the CNS normative production concentrating in merely guidance recommendations.

Social control and self-control: factors linking exposure to domestic violence and adolescents' Internet gaming addiction.

Although many studies have investigated the influencing factors of adolescents' Internet gaming addiction, few have investigated the influence factor of exposure to domestic violence, and even fewer have used the General Strain Theory to explain the influence path of exposure to domestic violence on adolescents' Internet gaming addiction. Based on the GST, this study sought to uncover further insights into the effect of exposure to family violence on adolescents' Internet gaming addiction, and the mediating role of social control-specifically, parental attachment-and self-control in the association between exposure to family violence and adolescents' Internet gaming addiction. Adopting a multi-stage cluster random sampling method, we conducted this study with 2,110 adolescents from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, China. The results suggest that adolescents' exposure to domestic violence directly affects their addiction to Internet games and indirectly affects it by decreasing social control and self-control. The study not only supplements and improves the explanatory framework of General Strain Theory, but makes a significant contribution to research on the causes of Internet gaming addiction.

Aproximación al ciberdelincuente desde la perspectiva del control social / Approaching the cybercriminal from a perspective of social control / Abordagem do criminoso cibernético a partir de uma perspectiva de controle social

El presente artículo aporta un acercamiento al ciberdelincuente identificando las características comunes en la personalidad de quienes delinquen en este escenario. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se tomó una muestra de diecinueve expertos que forman parte de la Dirección de Investigación Criminal e INTERPOL, abordados por entrevista en profundidad. Los datos obtenidos fueron tratados desde un diseño hermenéutico con énfasis en la teoría fundamentada, por medio de tres fases elaboradas en análisis matricial de codificación abierta, selectiva y teórica; a partir de las cuales se establecen algunas de las tácticas del ciberdelincuente desplegadas en el ciberespacio a través de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones; su descripción desde el modelo big five y se identifican algunas de sus características como la falta de empatía, escrúpulos, incapacidad para el control de emociones, confianza y capacidad de innovar sus modus operandi(Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Finalmente, desde las teorías del control social se han estudiado el ciberdelito y los actos del ciberdelincuente de una manera formal que vela por encontrar estrategias de control del Estado, según González (2010), o informal, que busca los motivos que conducen a cometer delitos, como lo afirma López (2015), a partir de lo cual, al final, se presentan algunas recomendaciones.

This article provides an approach to cybercriminals by identifying the common characteristics in the personality of those who commit crimes in this scenario. In order to carry out the research, a sample of nineteen experts from the Criminal Investigation Directorate and INTERPOL were interviewed in depth. The data obtained were treated based on a hermeneutic design with emphasis on grounded theory, by means of three phases elaborated in matrix analysis of open, selective and theoretical coding; from which some of the tactics of cybercriminals deployed in cyberspace through information and communication technologies are established; their description based on the big five model and the identification of several of their characteristics such as lack of empathy, scruples, the inability to control emotions, confidence and the ability to innovate their modus operandi (Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Finally, theories of social control have studied cybercrime and the acts of cybercriminals in a formal way that seeks to find strategies to control the State, according to González (2010), or informally, seeking the motives that lead to committing crimes, as stated by López (2015), on the basis of which, at the end, some recommendations are presented.

Este artigo traz uma abordagem sobre os cibercriminosos, identificando as características comuns na personalidade de quem comete crimes nesse cenário. Para a realização da investigação foi recolhida uma amostra de dezanove peritos que integram a Direcção de Investigação Criminal e a INTERPOL, abordados através de entrevista em profundidade. Os dados obtidos foram tratados a partir de um desenho hermenêutico com ênfase na teoria fundamentada, por meio de três fases desenvolvidas em análise matricial de codificação aberta, seletiva e teórica; a partir da qual se estabelecem algumas das táticas cibercriminosas implantadas no ciberespaço através das tecnologias de informação e comunicação; A sua descrição baseia-se no modelo dos big five e são identificadas algumas das suas características, como a falta de empatia, escrúpulos, incapacidade de controlar emoções, confiança e capacidade de inovar o seu modus operandi (Sánchez y Robles, 2013). Por fim, a partir das teorias de controle social, o cibercrime e os atos dos cibercriminosos têm sido estudados de forma formal, que busca encontrar estratégias de controle do Estado, segundo González (2010), ou informalmente, que busca os motivos que levam ao cometimento dos crimes. , conforme afirma López (2015), a partir do qual, ao final, são apresentadas algumas recomendações.

A regulação de alimentos de origem animal no Brasil à luz da teoria processual administrativa da regulação / The regulation of animal-source foods in Brazil in the light of a process-oriented approach toregulation / La regulación de los alimentos de origen animal en Brasil a la luz de la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación

Objetivo: analisar a regulação de alimentos de origem animal realizada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) e pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) sob a perspectiva da teoria processual administrativa da regulação, bem como casos normativos sobre substâncias químicas em alimentos de origem animal. Metodologia: foram realizados dois estudos de caso ­ um sobre os atos normativos da Anvisa sobre resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal; e outro sobre a decisão do MAPA pelo fim das análises oficiais de amostras de água em indústrias de alimentos de origem animal de forma rotineira ­ a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa da composição institucional e normativa da Anvisa e do MAPA, sob a ótica da teoria processual administrativa da regulação. Resultados: a Anvisa tem adotado mecanismos condizentes com a teoria processual administrativa da regulação, como autonomia, estabilidade funcional dos agentes reguladores e participação social. Em relação ao MAPA, seu ambiente institucional detém menor autonomia e tem formalmente adotado, desde 2015, elementos processuais compatíveis com tal teoria, mas que podem ser desconsiderados durante a produção normativa interna. Conclusão: o modelo regulatório brasileiro, que divide a regulação dos alimentos de origem animal entre dois órgãos, pode gerar decisões que não levam em conta o interesse público e a participação social, o que pode ser percebido na produção normativa do MAPA, mesmo com a adoção formal de boas práticas regulatórias.

Objective: to analyze the regulation of food of animal origin carried out by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa, in Portuguese) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA, in Portuguese) from the perspective of a process-oriented approach to regulation, with a specific emphasis on cases involving chemical substances in food of animal origin. Methods: this research conducted two case studies. The first case study examined Anvisa's normative acts regarding residues of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin. The second case study analyzed MAPA's decision to discontinue routine official analyses of water samples in the animal food industry. The research approach was qualitative, focusing on investigating the institutional and normative composition of Anvisa and MAPA from the perspective of a process-oriented approach to regulation. Results: the analysis revealed that Anvisa has successfully implemented mechanisms consistent with a process-oriented approach to regulation, including regulatory autonomy, functional stability of regulatory bodies, and administrative procedures to promote social participation. On the other hand, MAPA's institutional-legal environment exhibits less autonomy and formally adopted procedural elements consistent with a process-oriented approach to regulation since 2015. However, there is a concern that these elements might be eliminated when drafting internal regulations. Conclusion: the Brazilian regulatory model divides animal food regulation between two agencies, potentially resulting in decisions that overlook the public interest and social participation. This is evident in the normative production of MAPA, despite their formal adoption of good regulatory practices.

Objetivo: analizar la regulación de alimentos de origen animal realizada por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa) y por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Abastecimiento (MAPA, en portugués) en la perspectiva de la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación, así como normativa casos sobre sustancias químicas en alimentos de origen animal. Metodología: se realizaron dos estudios de caso ­ uno sobre los actos normativos de Anvisa sobre residuos de medicamentos veterinarios en alimentos de origen animal; y otro sobre la decisión del MAPA de poner fin a los análisis oficiales de muestras de agua en las industrias de alimentos para animales de forma rutinaria ­ basado en un enfoque cualitativo de la composición institucional y normativa de Anvisa y MAPA, en la perspectiva de la regulación administrativa de la teoría procesal. Resultados: Anvisa ha adoptado mecanismos consistentes con la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación, como la autonomía, la estabilidad funcional de los agentes reguladores y la participación social. Respecto al MAPA, su ámbito institucional tiene menor autonomía y ha adoptado formalmente, desde 2015, elementos procedimentales compatibles con dicha teoría, pero que pueden ser desestimados durante la producción normativa interna. Conclusión: el modelo regulatorio brasileño, que divide la regulación de los alimentos de origen animal entre dos órganos, puede generar decisiones que no toman en cuenta el interés público y la participación social, lo que se puede ver en la producción normativa del MAPA, incluso con la adopción formal de buenas prácticas regulatorias.

Defending Others Online: The Influence of Observing Formal and Informal Social Control on One's Willingness to Defend Cyberhate Victims.

This paper examines factors correlated with online self-help-an informal form of social control vis-à-vis intervention-upon witnessing a cyberhate attack. Using online surveys from 18- to 26-year-old respondents in the United States, we explore the roles of various types of online and offline formal and informal social control mechanisms on the enactment of self-help through the use of descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression. The results of the multivariate analyses indicate that online collective efficacy is positively related to self-help, as is having close ties to individuals and groups offline and online. Formal online social control, however, is not significantly related to engaging in self-help. Other findings demonstrate that personal encounters with cyberhate affect the likelihood that an individual will intervene when witnessing an attack, and that individuals with high levels of empathy are more likely to intervene to assist others. This work indicates that pro-social online behavior is contagious and can potentially foster online spaces in which harmful behaviors, such as propagating cyberhate, are not condoned.

One Pandemic, Two Solutions: Comparing the U.S.-China Response and Health Priorities to COVID-19 from the Perspective of "Two Types of Control".

After three years of global rampage, the COVID-19 epidemic, the most serious infectious disease to occur worldwide since the 1918 influenza pandemic, is nearing its end. From the global experience, medical control and social control are the two main dimensions in the prevention and control of COVID-19. From the perspective of "two types of control", namely medical control and social control, this paper finds that the political system, economic structure, and cultural values of the United States greatly limit the government's ability to impose social control, forcing it to adopt medical control to fight the virus in a single dimension. In contrast, China's political system, economic structure, and cultural values allow its government to adopt stringent, extensive, and frequent social control, as well as medical control to fight the virus. This approach departs from the traditional pathway of fighting the epidemic, i.e., "infection-treatment-immunization", thereby outpacing the evolution of the virus and controlling its spread more rapidly. This finding helps explain why the Chinese government adopted a strict "zeroing" and "dynamic zeroing" policy during the first three years, at the cost of enormous economic, social, and even political legitimacy. It was not until late 2022, when the Omicron variant with the waning virulence became prevalent, that China chose to "coexist" with the virus, thus avoiding a massive epidemic-related death. While the United States adopted a pulsed-style strategy at the beginning of the epidemic, i.e., "relaxation-suppression-relaxation-suppression", and began to "coexist" with the virus in just one year, resulting in a large number of excess deaths associated with the epidemic. The study contributes to explaining the difference in the interplay between public health priorities and COVID-19 response strategies in China and the United States, based on the specific public health context and the perspective of "medical control" and "social control".

Unravelling Vaccine Scepticism in South Tyrol, Italy: A Qualitative Analysis of Personal, Relational, and Structural Factors Influencing Vaccination Decisions.

Low vaccine uptake in South Tyrol, particularly for non-coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, poses a significant public health challenge in the northernmost province of Italy. This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of vaccine-sceptical parents to examine the factors that contribute to their vaccination decisions. The ten participants' children had varied vaccination statuses, ranging from unvaccinated to partially vaccinated or vaccinated as late as possible. Only one adult participant received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Using Grounded Theory analysis, the emergent meta-category of 'self-relatedness' was identified, highlighting the importance of individual experiences and the social context. The study found that participants' social circles consisted of individuals with similar vaccination attitudes, often characterized by a shared affinity for nature. Although they accepted individuals with different views, they remained uninfluenced. Participants perceived healthcare professionals as one-sided and uncritical, expressing distrust toward state orders. They believed that parents should be responsible for their children's well-being rather than the state. Distrust in the state and healthcare system, exacerbated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, was rooted in negative experiences. In contrast, the participants had positive experiences with natural healing, homeopathy, and trusting the natural course of events. They perceived themselves as tolerant, non-radical, curious, health-conscious, yet critical and questioning. Participants resisted coercion, fear-mongering, and state sanctions and sought alternatives to mandatory vaccination. To address the complex social and behavioural factors underlying vaccination refusal, this study suggests that vaccination advocates, policymakers, and information providers should engage in appreciative, personal, and well-founded information exchanges with vaccine-hesitant individuals. Broad and comprehensible information dissemination, flexibility, and freedom of decision are essential for increasing informed decision making. Further research is required to better understand the epistemic basis of vaccine hesitancy.

Role of Informal Social Control in Predicting Racist Hate Speech on Online Platforms: Collective Efficacy and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the present study examined the relative importance of informal social control and social cohesion/trust in the behavioral intention to post online race-related hate speech. A conceptual framework of a mediation model was validated on data from 809 survey respondents, and age, gender, Internet usage, and the number of posts representing racist hate speech on online platforms in a 1-year period were controlled for as demographic data. Twenty-six measurement items were designed to measure the four TPB constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intention, as well as the two action-oriented variables of social cohesion/trust and informal social control. Partial least-squares structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to test a series of research hypotheses, and the findings were as follows: (a) informal social control partially mediated the relationships between behavioral intention to post online race-related hate speech and both attitude and subjective norm; (b) informal social control fully mediated the influence of PBC on behavioral intention; and (c) social cohesion/trust did not significantly mediate any of the relationships between behavioral intention and attitude, subjective norm, or PBC. The results indicate that the willingness to intervene in informal social control plays an important role in preventing unwelcome online activity.